UPSC PRELIMS MAINS BPSC

✅ CURRENT AFFAIRS – GHANA & BRICS

📍 Why in News?
🟢 Ghana’s Cabinet has approved a decision to seek BRICS membership.
🟢 Ghana will now formally apply to join the grouping.

📍 Ghana: Location
🟢 Ghana is located in West Africa, along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean.
🟢 North/Northwest → Burkina Faso
🟢 East → Togo
🟢 West → Côte d’Ivoire
🟢 South → Atlantic Ocean
🟢 Capital → Accra

📍 Major Geographical Regions
🟢 Coastal Plain → Low-lying sandy shores, lagoons, wetlands and mangroves; also called the Accra Plains.
🟢 Ashanti Uplands → Southern Ghana; includes the Ashanti and Kwahu Plateaus.
🟢 Volta Basin → Central Ghana; characterised by low-lying plains and includes the Akwapim-Togo ranges.
🟢 Northern Plains → Savannah region dominated by grasslands and baobab trees.

📍 Physical Geography
🟢 Highest point → Mount Afadjato
🟢 Other important mountains → Mount Djebobo & Mount Torogbani
🟢 Major rivers → Volta, White Volta, Black Volta, Ankobra, Tano, Pra & Densu
🟢 Lake Volta → One of the world’s largest man-made lakes, formed by the Akosombo Dam on the Volta River.

📍 Economy & Resources
🟢 Ghana is rich in minerals, with gold, diamonds, manganese and bauxite being commercially mined.
🟢 Cocoa is one of Ghana’s principal export crops.

📍 UPSC PRELIMS
🟢 Ghana → West Africa
🟢 Capital → Accra
🟢 Highest point → Mount Afadjato
🟢 Major lake → Lake Volta
🟢 Lake Volta → Akosombo Dam on Volta River
🟢 Major export crop → Cocoa
🟢 Major commercially mined minerals → Gold, diamonds, manganese & bauxite

#places_in_news

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■ DHARMASHASTRA.


#Ancienthistory #Literarysources #GS1

◇ Comes from root word Dhri – meaning to maintain, support and sustain.

◇ Dharma concept based on idea that universe is governed by certain natural law and moral laws guiding human should be in agreement with them.

◇ Dharma refers to goals known as Purusharthas – are Dharma, artha, kama and moksha.

◇ Sanskrit text dealing with Dharma called Dharmashashtras.

□ DHARMASHASTRA THREE DIVISIONS :-

1.  Dharmasutras (600 – 300BCE)

2.  Smritis ( 200BCE – 900CE)

3. Third include commentaries, collection with comments and conclusions and compendia of views from different texts.

□ SOURCES OF DHARMA :-

• Shruti (vedas)

• smriti (smriti text)

• Sadachara and shishtachara.

◇ Person’s dharma depends on Gender, age, martial status, varna, and ashrama.

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✅ India–Japan Strategic Partnership

📍 Why in News
✅ Recent high-level engagements have reaffirmed the India–Japan Special Strategic and Global Partnership, with a focus on the Indo-Pacific, technology, manufacturing and resilient supply chains.

📍 Key Highlights
✅ India and Japan are strengthening cooperation in semiconductors, critical minerals, defence, green energy and advanced manufacturing.
✅ The partnership complements India’s young workforce with Japan’s need to address its ageing population and labour shortages.
✅ Both countries are expanding collaboration under the Quad to promote a free, open and rules-based Indo-Pacific.
✅ Focus areas include AI, digital public infrastructure, logistics, robotics and innovation-led industrial growth.
✅ The partnership aims to build resilient supply chains, inclusive growth and long-term economic security.

📍 Prelims Facts
✅ India and Japan elevated ties to a Special Strategic and Global Partnership in 2014.
✅ Japan is a major investor in Delhi Metro, Mumbai–Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail and other infrastructure projects.

#InternationalRelations

✅ UNEP’s ‘Overshoot, Peak & Decline’ Pathway — Climate Change

📍 Why in News?
🟢 UNEP’s Limiting Overshoot report warns that breaching the 1.5°C warming limit could cause irreversible losses that adaptation cannot undo.

📍 Key Facts
🟢 Even if all countries fulfil their current climate pledges, warming could reach 1.8°C; under current policies, it could reach 2.6°C.
🟢 The report proposes an “overshoot, peak and decline” pathway — temporarily exceeding 1.5°C, limiting the peak as much as possible, and bringing warming below 1.5°C by 2100.
🟢 Methane accounts for about 0.5°C of current warming and offers significant scope for near-term warming reduction.
🟢 155+ countries have joined the Global Methane Pledge, targeting a 30% reduction in anthropogenic methane from 2020 levels by 2030. India is not a member.
🟢 India stresses climate justice, adaptation finance and affordable technology, given its relatively low per-capita emissions and vulnerability to climate impacts.

📍 India’s Challenge
🟢 India must balance development needs and climate action while addressing perceptions that major developing economies are also contributing to global warming.
🟢 The focus should shift towards adaptation, resilience, methane reduction and climate finance, alongside long-term decarbonisation.

#Environment

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✅Girmitiyas

📍 Context:
India’s External Affairs Minister is visiting Jamaica, Suriname, and Trinidad & Tobago, highlighting India’s deep historical and cultural ties through the Girmitiya communities.

📍 About Girmitiyas

▪ Meaning:
Girmitiyas were Indian indentured labourers who migrated to British colonies during the mid-to-late 19th century for plantation work.

▪ Timeline:
◦ Large-scale migration began after the British Slavery Abolition Act, 1833, which created labour shortages in colonies.

▪ Origin of the Term “Girmit”:
◦ Derived from the mispronunciation of the English word “Agreement”, referring to labour contracts signed by workers.

▪ Other Names:
◦ Also called Jahazis/Jahajis, symbolising their shared ship journey to foreign lands.

📍 Source Regions in India

▪ Most migrants came from:
◦ Eastern United Provinces (present-day Uttar Pradesh)
◦ Bihar

▪ Main reasons for migration:
◦ Poverty
◦ Unemployment
◦ Agrarian distress and poor agricultural conditions

📍 Major Destinations

▪ Caribbean:
◦ Trinidad & Tobago
◦ Guyana
◦ Suriname
◦ Jamaica

▪ Other Regions:
◦ Mauritius
◦ Fiji
◦ South Africa

📍 Key Features of Girmitiya Migration

▪ Migration Conditions:
◦ Though migration promised employment, workers often faced low wages, poor living conditions, and exploitation.

▪ Cultural Continuity:
◦ Preserved Indian traditions through festivals like:
▪ Diwali
▪ Ramleela
▪ Hosay

◦ Maintained folk music traditions using instruments like dholak and harmonium.

▪ Language and Identity:
◦ Languages such as Hindi, Bhojpuri, and Awadhi continue to influence cultural identity in countries like Mauritius, Fiji, and Suriname.

📍 Significance

▪ Girmitiya communities form a strong cultural bridge between India and the Indian diaspora across the Caribbean, Africa, and the Pacific.
▪ They symbolize resilience, cultural preservation, and the global spread of Indian heritage.

#history #prelims #mains

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✅India–Seychelles: Deepening Parliamentary & Strategic Partnership

📍 Why in News?
🟢 Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla held a bilateral parliamentary dialogue with Seychelles National Assembly Speaker Azarel Yolanda Ernesta and her delegation in New Delhi.

📍 Key Highlights
🟢 Civilisational ties: Relations are strengthened by centuries-old connections, a vibrant Indian diaspora and people-to-people bonds.
🟢 Golden milestone: Seychelles marked 50 years of Independence and 50 years of diplomatic relations with India.
🟢 Parliamentary cooperation: India offered capacity-building support through PRIDE in legislative drafting, parliamentary procedures and legislative processes.
🟢 Digital Parliament: India highlighted its paperless Parliament initiative and use of AI for translation of parliamentary proceedings into 22 Indian languages.
🟢 Areas of cooperation: Health, digital transformation, infrastructure, renewable energy, culture, education and tourism.
🟢 Global South: Both sides emphasised cooperation to amplify the voice and aspirations of the Global South.

📍 Strategic Significance
🟢 Seychelles is a trusted partner in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and important for India’s Vision MAHASAGAR.
🟢 Closer ties can contribute to regional peace, stability and prosperity, including through the UN and other multilateral forums.
🟢 The engagement reflects India’s broader approach of combining maritime security, development partnership, digital cooperation and people-to-people diplomacy in the Indian Ocean.

#IR

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